Pobeda (Russian: Победа, Victory) is a Russian brand of wrist- and pocket watches. Based on a French design, the Pobeda's simple, 15-jewel movement was cost-effective, reliable, and easy to manufacture and maintain. This ensured its remarkable production life span between the years 1946 and 2004.
Prior to World War II, during a period of rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union, the Soviet government sought international funding and expertise in developing a domestic industry for timepieces. Eventually the French watch manufacturer LIP was chosen; they established a new watch factory in Penza and licensed several movement designs to the new establishment. One design dating from 1908, the R-26 movement, was further developed and renamed the K-26, and it is believed that a small run of test types were built there in 1946. World War II temporarily disrupted these plans, but after the Allied victory, this watch design was quickly finished at Penza, and full scale production commenced at the First Moscow Watch Factory. Joseph Stalin chose the name Pobeda (Victory) to celebrate the end of the war.
In the Soviet Union, a product brand was not necessarily exclusive to a particular manufacturing site, and during its lifetime, production of Pobeda watches was shifted between the following plants:
While the basic K-26 design was shared by these manufacturers, some of them carried on building watches using movements of the same fundamental design under various names, incorporating further refinements and alterations, such as shockproofing, and automatic day/date indicators. For instance, Petrodvorets used brand names including Lotos, Majak ("Маяк", Lighthouse), Neva ("Нева", the Neva River), Start ("Старт"), Svet ("Свет", Light), and Raketa (Ракета, Rocket), which eventually became the firm's single brand name. The Chistopol plant produced Chaika ("Чайка", Seagull), Druschba ("Дружба", Friendship), Jantar ("Янтарь", Amber), Kama ("Кама", River Kama), Kolos ("Колос", Spike), Raduga ("Радуга", Rainbow), Rubin ("Рубин"), Saturn ("Сатурн"), Uran ("Уран"), and Vostok, which became the standard brand for the company.
First Moscow Watch Factory further developed a centre-second variant of this movement and it was not only made under the Pobeda name, but also became the basis of a generation of watches including the Sportivnie ("Спортивные", for sportsman), Sturmanskie ("Штурманские", for navigator), etc. A lasting legacy of the Pobeda can be seen in the Raketa 2609-series movements: while still in production, they are dimensionally fully compatible with the K-26.
Pobeda watches were sold across the Soviet Union and many other Warsaw Pact nations, and today they are ubiquitous in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Many Pobeda watches were created to commemorate special occasions, such as victories in battle, Party congresses, or space flights. These comemmerative watches were often given as gifts.